Uncertainty Breeds Cooperation Among Starlings

Unpredictable rainfall influences the evolution of family life

By Pat Leonard and Miyoko Chu

Rather than striking out to start a family of their own, members of some bird species cooperate to help raise their siblings, nephews, nieces, cousins—or even unrelated young. Researchers have long noted which factors lead to these seemingly altruistic decisions in particular bird species, but now for the first time researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology have linked a specific aspect of the environment to the evolution of cooperative family life in numerous bird species: unpredictable rainfall.

Superb Starlings live in cooperative family groups throughout the savannas of East Africa.

Evan Barbour

In a recent issue of Current Biology (August 21, 2007), authors Dustin Rubenstein and Irby Lovette report that among African starlings, cooperative breeding is most common among species that live in savannas, where the rainfall varies greatly from one year to the next.

"When you don't know what conditions you will be facing in the next breeding season, it pays—in an evolutionary sense—to live and breed in family groups because more chicks survive over the long haul,"said lead author Rubenstein, who initiated the study as part of his graduate work at Cornell.

"It's similar to the way humans group together in the face of uncertainty and buy mutual funds: we're pooling our risk and working together to mitigate an uncertain future,"added Lovette, director of the Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program. "Birds that breed in groups buffer the effects of an uncertain environment."

To look for patterns in the breeding behaviors of starlings and the environments in which they live—including savannas, deserts, and tropical forests—Rubenstein and Lovette examined rainfall patterns at thousands of African sites over more than a century.

To consider the evolutionary relationships among dozens of starling species, they also collected starling DNA samples from museums and from expeditions to East Africa, where they dodged lions, African buffalo, rhinos, and other wildlife to capture the birds. Using the DNA, they constructed an evolutionary tree that showed how breeding behavior has evolved over millions of years.

"What's important here is how many times behavior changed,"said Lovette. "If you find the same pattern consistently repeated, you can be confident of cause and effect. In this case, we found cooperative breeding evolved when different starling species moved to the savanna, where rainfall varies enormously from year to year. And we found that it's not the amount of rainfall that really matters, but rather whether the rainfall pattern is predictable."

Other factors must also play a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding and future studies may be able to identify more of them. Rubenstein wonders if more birds will start cooperating if weather extremes predicted as a result of global climate change materialize.

"By studying how animals have already adapted to unpredictable environments,"Rubenstein said, "we may get an idea how behavior could change in the future—including our own."

For permission to reprint all or part of this article, please contact Laura Erickson, editor, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850. Phone: (607) 254-1114. email: lle24@cornell.edu