Recommended Reading

• Bird Watcher’s Digest Press. 1995. Enjoying Purple Martins More—The Martin Landlord’s Handbook. Pardson Corporation. Marietta, OH.
  
• Stokes, D. and L. 1997. The Stokes Purple Martin Book: An Identification Guide and Handbook. Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Turner, A. and Rose, C. 1989. Swallows and Martins—An Identification Guide and Handbook. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Homes for Birds

• Bird Watcher’s Digest Press. 1995. Guide to Bird Homes—Nesting. Roosting Space for Your Backyard Birds. Pardson Corporation. Marietta, OH.
• Hassinger, J. 1998. Woodworking for Wildlife: Homes for Birds and Mammals. Wild Resource Conservation Fund. Harrisburg, PA.
  
• Henderson, C. L. 1992. Woodworking for Wildlife—Homes for Birds and Mammals. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. St. Paul, MN.
• Pearman, M. 1992. Nestboxes for Prairie Birds. Ellis Bird Farm Ltd. Alberta Canada.
  
• Shalaway, S. 1995. A guide to bird homes. Bird Watcher’s Press, Pardson Corporation, Marietta, Ohio.
  
• Zenner, G. G., T. G. LaGrange and A. W. Hancock. 1992. Nest structures for ducks and geese. Iowa Department of. Natural Resources.

Landscaping for Birds

• Henderson, C. L. 1992. Landscaping for Wildlife. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. St. Paul, MN.
• Kress, S. 1995. The Bird Garden: Attracting Birds to Your Backyard Throughout the Year. Dorling Kindersley.

Natural History and Field Guides

• Baicich, P.J. and Harrison, C.J.O. 1997. A Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Academic Press.
• Bull, J. and Farrand, J. Jr. 1977. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
• Curson, J., D. Quinn, and D. Beadle. 1994. Warblers of the Americas: An identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY.
  
• Ehrlich, P.R., Dobkin, D.S., and Wheye, D. 1988. The Birder’s Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. Simon and Schuster Inc.
• Harrison, H.H. 1975. A Field Guide to Bird’s Nests in the United States East of the Mississippi Rive r. The Peterson Field Guide Series, Houghton Mifflin.
  
• Harrison, C. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. William Collin’s Sons & Co, New York.
• Harrison, H. H. 1984. Wood warblers’ world. Simon and Schuster, New York.
• Peterson, R.T. 1980. A Field Guide to the Birds East of the Rockies. The Peterson Field Guide Series, Houghton Mifflin.
• Peterson, R.T. 1990. A Field Guide to Western Birds. The Peterson Field Guide Series, Houghton Mifflin.
• The National Geographic Society. 1983. The National Geographic Society Field Guide to the Birds of North America.

Technical Articles on Nesting Birds

• Arcese, P., J. N. M. Smith, W. M. Hochachka, C.M. Rogers, and D. Ludwig. 1992. Stability regulation and the determination of abundance in an insular Song Sparrow population. Ecology 73:805–822.
• Ashmole, N. P. 1963. The regulation of numbers of tropical oceanic birds. Ibis 103:458–473.
• Bellrose, F. C., K. L. Johnson, and T. U. Meyers. 1964. Relative value of natural cavities and nesting houses for wood ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 28(4):661–676.
• Bent, A. C. 1948. Life histories of North American nuthatches, wrens, thrashers, and their allies. U. S. National Museum Bulletin No. 195. Washington, D.C.
• Bent, A. C. 1949. Life histories of North American thrushes, kinglets, and their allies. U. S. National Museum Bulletin No. 199. Washington, D. C.
• Blondel, J. 1985. Breeding strategies of the Blue Tit and the Coal Tit (Parus) in mainland and island Mediterranean habitats: A comparison. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:531–536.
• Blondel, J., A. Gosler, J. D. Lebreton, and R. McCleery (Eds.). 1990. Population Biology of Passerine Birds. NATO ASI Series, vol. G 24 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Brown, C. R., A. M. Knott, and E. J. Damrose. 1992. Violet-green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina). In The Birds of North America, No. 14 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Cabe, P. R. 1993. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). In The Birds of North America, No. 48 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Clobert, J., C. M. Perrins, R. H. McCleery, and A. G. Gosler. 1988. Survival rate in the Great Tit, Parus major in relation to sex, age and immigration status. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:287–306.
• Cody, M. L. 1966. A general theory of clutch size. Evolution 20:174–184.
• Cooke, A. S. 1975. Pesticides and eggshell formation. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 35:339–361.
• Crick, H. Q. P., D. W. Gibbons, and R. D. McGrath. 1993. Seasonal changes in clutch size in British birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:263–273.
• Darling, C., and J. Thomson-Delaney. 1993. Bluebirds, blowflies, and parasitic wasps. Sialia 15:13–16.
• Davis, W. H., P. J. Kalisz, and R. J. Wells. 1994. Eastern Bluebirds prefer boxes containing old nests. Journal of Field Ornithology 65:250–253.
• Dhondt, A. A. 1989. Blue Tit. Pages 15–33 in Lifetime Reproduction in Birds (I. Newton, Ed.). Academic Press, New York.
• Dhondt, A A., and J. Hublé. 1968. Fledging date and sex in relation to dispersal in young Great Tits. Bird Study 15:127–134.
• Dhondt, A. A., F. Adriaensen, E. Matthysen, and B. Kempenaers. 1990. Nonadaptive clutch-sizes in tits: Evidence for the gene flow hypothesis. Nature 348:723–725.
• Dhondt, A. A. and R. Eyckerman. 1978. Tits sitting on empty nests. British Birds 71:600.
• Drent, P. J. and J. W. Woldendorp. 1989. Acid rain and eggshells. Nature 339:431.
• Fleming, I. A., and M. R. Gross. 1990. Latitudinal clines: a trade-off between egg number and size in Pacific salmon. Ecology 71:1–11.
• Gehlbach, F. R. 1995. Eastern Screech-Owl (Otus asio). In The Birds of North America, No. 165 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Gill, F. 1989. Ornithology. Freeman, New York.
• Glooschenko, V., P. Blancher, J. Herskowitz, R. Fulthorpe, and S. Rang. 1986. Association of wetland acidity with reproductive parameters and insect prey of the Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) near Sudbury, Ontario. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 30:553–567.
• Godfray, H. C. J., L. Partridge, and P. H. Harvey. 1991. Clutch size. Pages 409–430 in Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 22 (R. F. Johnston, Ed.).
• Graveland, J. R. 1995. The quest for calcium: Calcium limitation in the reproduction of forest passerines in relation to snail abundance and soil acidification. Ph.d. dissertation, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
• Graveland, J. R. 1996. Avian eggshell formation in calcium-rich and calcium-poor habitats: Importance of snail shells and human-provided calcium sources. The Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1035–1044
• Graveland, J. R., R. van der Wal, J. H. Van Balen, and A. J.Van Noordwijk. 1994. Poor reproduction in forest passerines from decline of snail abundance on acidified soils. Nature 368:446–448.
• Grubb, T. C., Jr. and V. V. Pravosudov. 1994. Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor). In The Birds of North America, No. 86 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Haggerty, T. M., and E. S. Morton. 1995. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). In The Birds of North America, No. 188 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Hepp, G. R., and F. C. Bellrose. 1995. Wood Duck (Aix sponsa). In The Birds of North America, No. 169 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Hill, James R. III. 1993. Nest reuse in Purple Martins. Purple Martin Update 4:28–29.
• Iverson, J. B., C. P. Balgooyen, K. K. Byrd, and K. K. Lyddan. 1993. Latitudinal variation in egg and clutch size in turtles. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:2448–2461.
• Jackson, J. A., and J. Tate, Jr. 1974. An analysis of nest box use by Purple Martins, House Sparrows, and Starlings in eastern North America. Wilson Bulletin 86:435–449.
• Jarvinen, A. 1989. Clutch-size variation in the Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca. Ibis 131: 572–577.
• Johnson, S. L. 1996. Removal of old nest material from the nesting sites of House Wrens: Effects on nest site attractiveness and ectoparasite loads. Journal of Field Ornithology 67:212–221.
• Klomp, H. 1970. The determination of clutch-size in birds, a review. Ardea 58:1–124.
• Koenig, W. D. 1986. Geographical ecology of clutch size variation in North American Woodpeckers. Condor 88:499–504.
• Krementz, D. G., and P. Handford. 1984. Does avian clutch size increase with altitude? Oikos 43:256–259.
• Kulesza, G. 1990. An analysis of clutch-size in New World passerine birds. Ibis 132:407–422.
• Lack, D. 1947. The significance of clutch-size. Ibis 89:302–352.
• Lombardo, M. P., R. M. Bosman, C. A. Faro, S. G. Houtteman, and T. S. Kluisza. 1995. Effect of feathers as nest insulation on incubation behavior and reproductive performance of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Auk 112:973–981.
• Lowther, P. E., and C. L. Cink. 1992. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). In The Birds of North America, No. 12 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Mappes, T., J. Mappes, and J. Kotiaho. 1994. Ectoparasites, nest site choice and breeding success in the Pied Flycatcher. Oecologia 98:147–149.
• Møller, A. P. 1989. Parasites, predators and nest boxes: Facts and artefacts in nest box studies of birds. Oikos 56:421–423.
• Møller, A. P. 1990. Effects of parasitism by a hematophagous mite on reproduction in the Barn Swallow. Ecology 71:2345–2357.
• Møller, A. P. 1992. Parasites differentially increase the degree of fluctuating asymmetry in secondary sexual characters. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5:691–699.
• Møller, A. P. 1993. Ectoparasites increase the cost of reproduction in their hosts. Journal of Animal Ecology 62:309–322.
• Moore, W. S. 1995. Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). In The Birds of North America, No. 166 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Ecology. Blackie, Glasgow and London.
• Moreau, R. 1944. Clutch-size: A comparative study, with special reference to African birds. Ibis 86:286–347.
• Morton, M. L. 1976. Adaptive strategies of Zonotrichia breeding at high latitude or high altitude. In: Frith, H. J. and J. H. Calaby (Eds.). Proceedings of the 16th International Ornithological Congress, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
• Munro, H. L. and R. C. Rounds. 1985. Selection of artificial nest sites by five sympatric passerines. Journal of Wildlife Management 49(1):264–276.
• Newton, I. 1979. Population Ecology of Raptors. T.&A.D. Poyser, Berkhamsted, U.K.
• Nice, M. M. 1943. Studies in the Life History of the Song Sparrow, II. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York 6:1–328.
• Oppliger, A., H. Richner, and P. Christe. 1994. Effect of an ectoparasite on lay date, nest-site choice, desertion, and hatching success in the Great Tit, Parus major. Behavioral Ecology 5:130–134.
• Orell, M., S. Rytkonen, and K. Ilomaki. 1993. Do Pied Flycatchers prefer nest boxes with old nest material? Annales Zoologici Fennici 30:313–316.
• Parren, S. G. 1994. Orientation and spacing of nesting boxes used by Eastern Bluebirds and Tree Swallows. Sialia 16:127–129.
• Pärt, T. 1995. The importance of local familiarity and search costs for age and sex-biased philopatry in the Collared Flycatcher. Animal Behavior 49:1029–1038.
• Pärt, T., and L. Gustafsson. 1989. Breeding dispersal in the Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis: Possible causes and reproductive consequences. Journal of Animal Ecology 58:305–320.
• Perrins, C. M. 1970. The timing of birds’ breeding seasons. Ibis 112:242–255.
• Perrins, C. M. and T. R. Birkhead. 1983. Avian Ecology. Blackie, Glasgow and London.
• Poiani, A. 1993. Small clutch sizes as a possible adaptation against ectoparasitism: A comparative analysis. Oikos 68:455–462.
• Power, H. W., and M. P. Lombardo. 1996. Mountain Bluebird (Sialia currucoides). In The Birds of North America, No. 222 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Pravosudov, V. V., and T. C. Grubb, Jr. 1993. White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). In The Birds of North America, No. 54 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Ratcliff, D. A. 1970. Changes attributable to pesticides in egg breakage frequency and eggshell thickness in some British birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 7:67–107.
• Rendell, W. B., and N. A. M. Verbeek. 1996. Old nest material in nest boxes of Tree Swallows: Effects on nest-site choice and nest building. Auk 113:319–328.
• Richner, H., A. Oppliger, and P. Christe. 1993. Effect of an ectoparasite on reproduction in Great Tits. Journal of Animal Ecology 62:703–710.
• Ricklefs, R. E. 1980. Geographical variation in clutch size among passerine birds: Ashmole’s hypothesis. Auk 97:38–49.
• Ridgely, R. S., and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. University of Texas Press, Austin.
• Robertson, R. J., B. J. Stutchbury, and R. R. Cohen. 1992. Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). In The Birds of North America, No. 11 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C.
• Royama, T. 1969. A model for the global variation in clutch size in birds. Oikos 20:562–567.
• Sabrosky, C. W., G. F. Bennett, and T. L. Whitworth. 1989. Bird blow flies (Protocalliphora) in North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 312 pp.
• Schmidt, K. H. and A. Zitzmann. 1990. A new type of breeding failure in hole-nesting passerines. Journal of Ornithology 131:172–174.
• Scott, V. E., K. E. Evans, D. R. Patton, and C. P. Stone. 1977. Cavity-nesting birds of North American forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
• Sherman, P. W. and B. Semel. 1992. Killing them with kindness. Living Bird 11:26–31.
• Skutch, A. F. 1949. Do tropical birds raise as many young as they can nourish? Ibis 100:1–30.
• Slagsvold, T. 1982. Clutch size variation in passerine birds: The nest predation hypothesis. Oecologia 54:159–169.
• Smith, S. M. 1993. Black-capped Chickadee. In The Birds of North America, No. 39 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, Eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
• Soler, M. and J. J. Soler. 1992. Latitudinal trends in clutch size in single brooded hole nesting bird species: A new hypothesis. Ardea. 80:293–300.
• Stutchbury, B. J., and R. J. Robertson. 1988. Within-season and age-related patterns of reproductive performance in female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:827–834.
• Thompson, C. F., and A. J. Neill. 1991. House Wrens do not prefer clean nestboxes. Animal Behavior 42:1022–1024.
• Turner, A., and C. Rose. 1989. Swallows and martins: An identification guide and handbook. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
• Verbeek, N. A. M. 1971. Hummingbirds Feeding on Sand. Condor 73:112–113.
• von Haartman, L. 1967. Clutch size in the Pied Flycatcher. Proc. XIVth International Ornithological Congress, pp. 155–164.
• Winkler, D. W. 1993. Use and importance of feathers as nest lining in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Auk 110:29–36.
• Winkler, D. W., and P. E. Allen. 1996. The seasonal decline in Tree Swallow clutch size: Physiological constraint or strategic adjustment? Ecology 77(3): 922–932.
• Winkler, D. W., and J. R. Walters. 1983. The determination of clutch-size in precocial birds. Current Ornithology 1:33–68.
• Young, B. E. 1994. Geographic and seasonal patterns of clutch size variation in House Wrens. Auk 111:545–555.